Art Music of Caribbean Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Music of Caribbean Latin America - Essay Example Folklore too was used as subject matter for the songs, by musicians like Juan Francisco Garcia, for instance. There were classical influences too, like that of Claude Debussy on Marchena’s music. Jose Dolores is famous for adding the bells and bass to band music in the army. Jazz was incorporated too, by Luis Alberti, and others. Rafael Ignacio is famous for popularizing dance music. Classical music was very influential in Cuba. Ernesto Lecuona, Amadeo Roldà ¡n and Julian Orbon are again three notable pioneers of this country. Musical forms like the Salsa, had their roots in the Son, which first began in the 1570s. The influx of African slaves as well as the Spanish colonization had lasting impact on the development of music. The Rumba, Danzon, Chachacha and other dance forms became very popular and influential also. In Puerto Rico, Felipe Gutià ©rrez Espinosa was one of the best-known 19th century composers of religious music and operas. Manuel Gregorio Tavarez became the nation’s first Romantic composer, while Juan Morel Campos is known for taking the danza form to its peak. Music in Latin America has progressed more or less similarly; although, comparatively, the Dominican Republic appears to have several more well-known exponents of music. Influence of the Spanish colonization and the immigration of African slaves were responsible for a lot of the music development. This vast and varied repertoire of music was influenced, to a great degree, by the Spanish colonization. The elementary instrument of the guitar itself was introduced by the Spanish, without which a lot of the later musical forms would not have been conceived. The coming of the African slaves too made a profound impact, as they brought their traditional music along with them. The high-pitched nasal quality of singing, for instance, was introduced in this way. The political state too had a role to play.

Garden Report Essay Example for Free

Garden Report Essay The Garden Depot, a family-owned floral company, carries a larger variety of floral, gardening and lawn-care products with sales and profits growing. Janice bowman has 13 years of operational knowledge in the industry as office manager in the company. She is responsible for inventory management, computer system management and logistics. Derek Sinclair, the son-in-law of the Depot owner, is the landscaping manager with no experience in management. However, the operation is not smooth in the organization that faced several issues such as lobar force, communication and synchronization. They both have responsibility for the depot, and have to get rid of problems to benefit the company. The company did not have enough permanent skillful and reliable workforce, but only seasonal employees, therefore 50 landscaping jobs could be completed each year, which were fewer than what was demanded. Most of employees were part-time student workers lacking of experience. In addition, a family member who had poor and inappropriate leadership was appointed as landscaping manager. And his irresponsible attitude might have bad impact on moral of stuff. Furthermore, the job responsibilities were not defined, and there were no specialized department to solve the specific problems. The improper recruitment and lack of supervision cause the organization attained unstable and unreliable workforce. This demonstrates a lack of fit between organization process and people as police for recruiting and supervising employees. Moreover, Sinclair had low expertise knowledge on landscaping area, which resulted that he could not answer the customers’ specific question, and he had no qualification and business handling capabilities to solve complex issue. This follows EOPT theory because there is a lack of fit between people and tasks. Whereas having no job description and departmentalization in the organization resulted in the consequence that employees confused about their job. This applies to EOPT theory because there is a lack of fit between organization structure and people. The goal for the Garden Depot is to establish stable and reliable workforces to increase work proficiency. In long term, the organization should ensure job responsibilities defined in every level of the organization, and deploy individual departments to solve any problems to make customers happy. The first alternative is to reevaluate all the stuff and build a formal appraisal system to supervise employees performances, which can help the company to build a stable and reliable workforce. The second alternative will be training Sinclair be a competent manager. If the company wants to keep Sinclair as the landscaping manager, this action alternative is necessary. The last alternative course of action is to create a proper job description and deploy specific departments such as HR department, marketing department, customers departments and inventory departments in order to solve the related issues. The best alternative is to create a formal job description and divide specific departments. First, Sampson should divide the whole organization into four departments HR department, marketing department, inventory department and customer services department. Next, creating job description for every position should be done as soon as possible. Then department supervisors ought to reevaluate employees and put them in the right departments depending on their specialty. Finally, the department supervisor should hand in a process report to managers every month to show their work. If Departmentalization causes lack of communication among individual departments, general manager should have a meeting with all department supervisors once a week.

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important societal issue that also gains momentum in the food retail industry (Tulder et al., 2007). In an approach to analyze the CSR activities, this report presents the CSR activities of Tesco, which is one of the leading retailers. Further this report analyses the market and non market environment, which explains the internal and external alignment as important factors to understand the design and the development of the companies CSR activities and motivations. The CSR business models in the retail industry are inclined towards the management of the supply chains. These models tell the firms what to do or how to do in general, to respond to the challenges and changes in the retail industry, but do not provide sophisticated analytical models to analyze the actual position of the company and delineate the trajectories to change positions. (Tulder et al., 2007) CSR Corporate Social Responsibility is considered to be the future of all organizations in general and the retail industry in specific. However the firms have to be more active on the categorization of CSR activities and on how the consistent implementation in the retail organization and in their distribution channels could be obtained. (Tulder et al., 2007) Tesco plc is worlds third largest, British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain with operations in 14 countries. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding  £3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Carrefour. They cater for all sections of the market, with ranges spanning from premium ranges, as well as specialist ranges such as Organic, Fairtrade and Healthy Living. They are also into Non-food ranges accounted for 21% of Group turnover in 2008 and include electrical goods, books, home-ware, sports equipment, personal finance and clothing. (Tesco, 2009) We understand that our success comes from behaving responsibly and earning the trust of our customers, suppliers and stakeholders. There are many complex issues that we have to face on a daily basis, from reducing our environmental impact to ensuring consistent standards across our markets. (Tesco, 2009). Corporate responsibility represents an entire approach to business and is therefore embodied in Tescos governance framework to ensure that the company operates in a responsible and safe way. In general corporate responsibility is embedded in the following categories:    Tesco CSR Approach Environment Community Supplier and Ethical Trading Customers, choice health People KPIs Tesco CSR Activities The above approach integrates corporate responsibility in Tescos day-to-day business activities by supporting fair trade and taking customers, staff, communities and suppliers into consideration, as well as the environment and society. Education Education is one of the key areas of Tescos activities including a partnership with I CAN, a charity that helps children with speech and language difficulties, or offering scholarships and establishing cultural community centres. A specific programme is the Computers for Schools programme aimed at schools. Tesco provides schools with computers and supports the use of new technologies in different countries (Tesco, 2007). Charity The Tesco Charity Trust was established in 1987 to support national and local communities making grants to charities within the UK (Tesco, 2007). Tesco dedicates 1% of pre-tax profits to good causes and supports charities as well as staff fundraising. In addition the companys supports the Race for Life fundraising event which focuses on cancer research and initiated the Tesco Charity of the Year (Tesco, 2007). Every year Tesco chooses a community charity close to the heart of its staff and customers which becomes the main focus for staff fundraising and receives 20% top-up of the Tesco Charity Trust. For example the charity chosen for 2005 is Age Concern, an initiative concentrating on supporting older people in the UK by providing services such as day care and fulfilling information needs for topics such as care, money and finance, health, disabilities or neighbourhood issues (Tesco, 2007). Environment In terms of environmental protection Tesco has integrated its corporate responsibility in its environmental management including topics such as emissions, resources, waste recycling and the companys products. Among others the issues covered are organic food, animal welfare, green transport and travel and vehicle efficiency. Furthermore Tesco is also concerned with energy efficiency and water consumption as well as its environmental impact in terms of its operations and customers (Tesco, 2007). Wildlife choice for example is an initiative requiring farmers to consider wildlife on their farms. They agree to improve operations and monitor their impact on farmland habitats providing habitats for wildlife such as a farm in the Midlands for example (Tesco, 2007). Tesco works closely with suppliers and farmers to protect wildlife. Tesco Market and Non-Market Environment Analysis In this report an approach to analyze the market and non market environments is done with the help of understanding and using various frame works like An integrated framework (Baron, 1995 2005: 32). Also by understanding the non market environment: The 4Is Systematic Level Organisational Level Individual Level An Analysis a case analyzed by Lets clean up fashion Issue related to living wages Payment of living wages -workers being paid below living wage levels. Tescos focus on primarily on productivity projects. We believe that sustainable improvements to wages are most often delivered through improved productivity, up skilling workers and working to ensure our purchasing practices support our suppliers ability to invest in their workforce. (Tesco, CSR Report 2009) It lists specific wage and wage-related work under the following headings: Ensuring we understand the scale and nature of the issue. Activities: Wage surveys and worker interviews in Bangladesh (Tesco, 2007). Setting clear expectations. Activities: Lobbying government in Bangladesh to improve minimum wages, MFA Forum (Tesco, 2007). Supporting suppliers to improve productivity. Activities: Lengthening lead times, producing seasonal items out of season to help suppliers plan production, rewarding ethical suppliers, expanding in-country ethical experts (Tesco, 2007). Building long-term relationships to enable investment in workers. Activities: Consolidating the supplier base, offering business support to A-list suppliers (Tesco, 2009). Tesco accept that some minimum wage levels are unacceptably low and have conducted a wage survey with a supplier in Bangladesh (lets clean up fashion, 2009). Tescos Plans on Living Wages Its main focus for wages work is to continue with the ETI wages project. This group has experienced some delays over the last year due to its focus on Bangladesh and that countrys political and industrial instability. However, it stated that, useful work has been shared, including by us, in the areas of productivity, efficiency, worker engagement, work flow, and purchasing practices. Following the summer this group will re-convene to decide on how to move forward. Building on this work, we will review further initiatives of our own specifically in Bangladesh on productivity and wage improvements. (Tesco CSR Report, 2009) In an analysis done by the Lets Clean up fashion, Tesco seem to have made little progress towards living wages. Surveys in Bangladesh, showing the training grade for workers being manipulated by suppliers for extended periods of time, informed a small piece of work to improve wages but this merely brought pay packets up to the legal minimum standard and no more. Tescos belief that productivity is the best route to living wages seems to have ousted a number of other options, such as support for freedom of association and a proper examination of pricing. Its focus on up skilling workers as a part of these improvements may be helpful for individual groups but doesnt achieve an across the board rise in wages. It is also unclear how it plans to ensure more skilled and expensive workers are not replaced by new, lower paid, unskilled workers. Furthermore, Tesco makes no mention of any work to ensure worker involvement in any of its projects, which makes us even less convinced that its productivity plans are likely to lead to any real benefit to workers. Tescos work with suppliers on purchasing practices; offering longer lead times, producing out of season, ensuring long-term supplier relationships, and offering business advice could bring about some improvement. Last year it also acknowledged that price needed to be examined, but no progress seems to have been made in this area and no mention was made of plans to move this forward. Lets hope Tescos engagement in the ETI Wages Project over the coming year will see it start to output wage projects of its own, and give serious attention to delivering the living wages expected from a retailer of this size and influence (lets cleanup fashion, 2009). Tescos Position on Relationships with Customers Tesco tries to keep its prices as low as possible than most of the other national superstores. Tesco has an online Price checker, to show its low prices to its customers, through which customers can compare Tescos prices with those of other super markets (CRR, 2006). Price, though, is not the only factor. Value for money, as Tesco describes, includes the quality of the products, the personal service of their staff and the pleasant surroundings in their stores (AR, 1995). Tesco has become big by being like Britain. As Britons became more middle-class, Tesco followed them up market (Econ,2005). Tescos Position on Suppliers The retail sector has a high increasing purchasing power, which can be used to cut prices and put pressure on the suppliers (cf. Fearne et al., 2005). Since Tesco is one of the four major global retailers, It is said that suppliers fear to complain about Tesco as they fear being struck off by the retailer (FT2005; FT2005). Tesco however mentions that it takes a partnership approach while working with suppliers, sharing their knowledge and listening to suppliers feedback, providing technical expertise, advice and insight into customer trends and making regular payment, on time (AR, 2007). Tesco monitors its relations with suppliers through the Supplier Viewpoint Survey. Their target is that 90% of UK suppliers view Tesco as being trustworthy, reliable, consistent, clear, helpful and fair (92% in 2008, 94% in 2007). In 2007 the international suppliers have started taking part in the Supplier Viewpoint Survey (88%) (AR, 2008). Tesco fully supports the legally binding Supplier Code of Pr actice. In March 2005, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) audit found no breaches of the Supplier Code at Tesco (CRR, 2006) nor in 2006 (CRR, 2007). In 2005 rival companies and industry groups accused Tesco of slowing down the Office of Fair Tradings investigation during its early stages. The OFTs main concerns included claims that the supermarkets were slow to pay suppliers, required them to contribute to marketing costs and insisted on retrospectively changing contracts (FT, 2005). The investigation revealed that over the past five years, the amount owed to creditors by Tesco had risen by 1.5bn pounds, money it had used to help finance its growth (FT, 2005). Motivations and collaborations An attempt to analyze Tescos Motivations and its collaborations is done by using the following theories: Strategy Theory Stakeholder Theory Agency Theory Legitimacy Theory An Analysis Tesco is engaged in number of NGOs and charity organisations. Tesco was engaged with: The Soil Association on extending the organic range The Fairtrade Foundation to promote Fairtrade Fortnight and encourage more customers to choose Fairtrade Diabetes UK on providing information for customers living with diabetes The British Red Cross on responding to disasters and emergencies Marine Conservation Society and Marine Stewardship Council on sustainable seafood sourcing Greenpeace on sustainable sourcing and climate change Friends of the Earth on palm oil, prawn sourcing and GM animal feed; ActionAid and Women on Farms on labour standards in fruit farms in SouthAfrica. (CRR, 2006) Tesco is a corporate partner of Forum for the Future and work together on a broad range of sustainability issues. we held a nationwide Community Conference in partnership with the British Red Cross and the Work Foundation. This brought together voluntary groups, charities, businesses and government to explore the role of business in local communities (CRR, 2008; CRR, 2007). With regards to economic development, the 2005 Make Poverty History campaign identified increased trade as one of three key means of eliminating poverty. Tesco sources products from farms in 15 African countries (CRR, 2006). Tesco actively supports communities trough sponsoring certain activities like the collaboration with Age Concern to raise  £2 million for projects including Fight the Freeze buying blankets and heaters for the elderly; paying for volunteers to regularly call the elderly to stop them feeling isolated, and raising money to pay for meals and provide company for the elderly (CRR, 2006). Tesco aims to give at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charity. In 2007 they succeeded with 1.95% (CRR, 2008) and in 2006 as well with 1.63% of pre-tax profits to charities and good causes (CRR, 2007). Tesco has also supported communities in crisis. In 2007, 250.000 pound was donated to people affected by extreme weather conditions. Tesco is a founder member of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) and expects all their suppliers to follow the ETI Base Code (CRR, 2006). The ETI Base Code includes among others freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, no use of child labour and no excessive working hours (CRR, 2008) Tesco has with four other global retailers formed the Global Social Compliance Programme to develop a code of practice. The GSCP has agreed a draft Reference Code between the 25 leading retailers and manufacturers currently involved. Next steps involve the development of an audit checklist to ensure the Code is interpreted consistently around the world (CRR, 2008). In 2005 Tesco appointed a Code Compliance Officer to act as a contact point for suppliers in case they have complaints and dont want to discuss these with Tesco buyers (CRR, 2008). Tesco participates in multi-stakeholder groups on corporate responsibility issues like Business in The Community, The Ethical Trading Initiative, the Carbon Roundtable, GM Freeze Roundtable, Forest Stewardship Council Retailers Group, British Retail onsortium Corporate Responsibility Policy Advisory Group and the DEFRA Climate Leaders Group. The Executive Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee are to help guide an d monitor the set policies. Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that Tesco faces some severe in-coherence in its market and non market environments. On several issues such as environment the company has identified opportunities and taken many interesting (and active) initiatives, whereas in other instances the company behaves rather re-active. This corresponds with the in-coherent nature of its internal alignment strategy. The company is having difficulties with aligning some active intents, expressed through its KPIs with a re-active strategy (Tulder et al., 2007). Major challenge for Tesco, therefore, is how to create coherence through increased coordination and sustain the transition towards a more pro-active approach. References Ethical trading initiative. Downloaded from http://www.cleanupfashion.co.uk/companies/tesco.php. as of 9th March 2010. Tesco CSR 2009 report. Downloaded from http://www.investis.com/plc/cr09/crr09.pdf as of 5th March 2010. Tulder, R. van, M. Bleijenbergh, M. Danse, R. Wiersinga and M. Torppe, (2007) CSR Business Models and change trajectories in the retail industry. Downloaded from http://www.fairtradegemeenten.nl/uploads/news/december%202009/CSR%20business%20models.pdf as of 5th March 2010. Tesco News Article 6 (2007). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/news/?page=article6 as of 6th March 2010. Tesco regulatory news part 2 (2008). Downloaded from http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573XHYPERLINK http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnsHYPERLINK http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnst=popup_rns as of 9th march 2010. Advfn final news (2008). Downloaded from http://www.advfn.com/news_Final-Results_27119452.html as of 7th March 2010. Tesco reports (2008). Downloaded from http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200806301833069573X as of 7th march 2010. Tesco News from Interceder (2010). Downloaded from http://interceder.net/news/Tesco as of 7th March 2010. Tesco CR Strategy (2010). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/cr_strategy/ as of 7th March 2010. Tesco news (2010). Downloaded from http://www.freebase.com/view/en/tesco as of 7th March 2010. Tesco CSR review (2005). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com/csr/e/e4_1.html as of 7th March 2010. Tesco community promises (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1PID=35HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1LID=1 as of 7th March 2010. Tesco at a glance (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/tesco_at_a_glance/ as of 7th March 2010. Larry File, cornwall foundation case study: Gingers presentation. Downloaded from http://www.cornwallfoundation.com/ways_to_give/CSRtalk22.1.10.htm as of 7th March 2010. Tesco ethical progress (2008). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.ie/crreview08/ethical-progress5.html as of 7th March 2010. Business and human rights resource centre. Downloaded from http://www.business-humanrights.org/Search/SearchResults?SearchableText=china+footwear as of 7th March 2010. Risks and uncertainities, Tesco CSR report page2 (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/businessreview/risks_uncertainties/2/ as of 8th March 2010. Tesco news FT (2009). Downloaded from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/10613232-a507-11db-b0ef-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=80830b5e-3018-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8.html as of 8th March 2010. Tesco reports. Downloaded from http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/8283/Tesco/tesco-preliminary-results-20062007.html as of 8th March 2010.

Tropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Essay -- Rainf

Tropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Abstract Rainforests are the predominant natural vegetation throughout the wet tropics. The defining characteristics of a tropical rainforest are temperature and rainfall. Wherever temperature is high enough and rainfall heavy and regular enough, there is rainforest (Bagheera, 1996). Tropical rainforests of all kinds once covered approximately 14 percent of the Earth’s surface, more than eight million square miles (Conservation International, 1998); forming an equatorial green belt around the Earth rich in diverse plant and animal species. Humans have already destroyed half of this forest area, with most damage occurring in the last 200 years (Bagheera, 1996). In 1987 alone an estimated 20 million acres of Brazilian rainforest were cut and burned (Miller & Tangley, 1991, in Kricher, 1997). At the current rate of deforestation, within 177 years all tropical rainforests on Earth could be gone (Kricher, 1997). The effects of this massive deforestation have already begun to influence the planet. Among the many threats of tropical deforestation, global warming is perhaps one of the most severe. For this reason, a look tropical deforestation and its effects on global climate change will be the focus of this paper. Introduction Tropical deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest, usually converting it into other less biodiverse, unsustainable ecosystems. Deforestation is often done for short-term profit at the expense of long-term sound economic and ecological policy (Kricher, 1997). Many factors have attributed to the destruction of rainforests especially over the last two decades. Rainforests are being cut and burned for agric... ...ientific American. Oct. 1998 issue. Internet source: http://www.sciam.com Holloway, M. 1993. Sustaining the Amazon. Scientific American. Vol. 269(1): 90-99. Karl, T.R.; Nicholls, N. & Gregory, J. 1997. The Coming Climate. Scientific American 276(5): 78-83. Kricher, J. 1997. A Neotropical Companion. Princeton University Press. 451 pages. Myers, N. 1984. The Primary Source. W.W. Norton & Company. 399 pages. Rietbergen, S. 1993. The Earthscan Reader in Tropical Forestry. Earthscan Publications, Ltd. London. 328 pages. Unknown. Conservation International. Internet source: http://www.conservation.org/web.aboutci.rffacts.htm. Unknown. Concise Experimental Plan, written by the LBA Science Planning Group (NASA). Provided by Michael Goulden. Wheeler, Q. 1995. Bioscience. Supplement volume, 1995. Pages S21-27.

Discrimination In Employment

Discrimination of human beings has always existed throughout society, and most probably will always continue in this fashion. For centuries people have been discriminating others and have been discriminated against for factors that they are powerless to prevent, such as their skin colour, sexuality or gender.However, with a new multi-cultural society being created, race has now become the principal form of discrimination throughout the world. Making it the primary source of discrimination within multi-cultural companies and thus the employment sector, due to the high number of different races being present. To tackle this situation numerous steps have been taken within the political setting to stamp out discrimination within employment.The main federal laws in place prohibiting employment discrimination, more noticeably recognised as the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws, are; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discriminati on based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin; the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government; and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination (EEO). DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#2 The U. S.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces these laws and is op en for interaction with any citizen residing within the United States of America. Meaning that any individual is able to legally file a complaint or lawsuit against a company, if they believe that a company has broken one of these laws against them. Title VII prohibits not only intentional discrimination, but also practices that have the effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, colour, national origin, religion, or sex; and therefore it is illegal to discriminate against an individual because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic group.This is the premier law that racial discrimination lawsuits base their foundation upon, as the actions of the employer to the employee illegally contradict the law’s principals. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that it is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of their race, and that it is unlawful in regard to hiring, termination, co mpensation, assignment, or classification of employees; transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; job advertisements; recruitment; testing; use of company facilities; training and apprenticeship programs; fringe benefits; pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or any other condition within the realm of employment (VII).This therefore requires employers to provide equal employment opportunities to individuals, no matter what their race, colour or creed. However, if a promotion request of a Caucasian male within a company is accepted, whilst the request of an Asian male is rejected, the reasoning for this could easily be seen as racial discrimination against the Asian male. Allowing him to legally attempt to prosecute the company on grounds of unlawful practise, despite if the intentions of the employer were actually innocent. This situation was the case for small Solicitors firm where an Asian male successfully sued the company for over $3,000, as he believed he was rejected for promotion upon racial grounds.The firm was a dominant Caucasian enterprise within an area known for racial tension, between the Asian and DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#3 Caucasian communities. The employer stated that he believed the Caucasian male was more suited to the position, despite the Asian male having greater experience and more relevant qualifications. In October of 2005, Judge Sir Peter Irwin Casewell, ruled in favour of the Asian male, as he believed that racial discrimination had occurred and that employment laws had been breached. He ordered that the manager of the company, Mr. Edward K. Turrent, was to pay a sum of $3,200 in compensational damages to Mr.Aafiya Mumbtaz, for racial discrimination against the employee, hindering the progress of the individual’s career prospects, and disrespecting the employment laws set in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII (2&3). Due to the company being located within a racially charged area. I can fully unders tand the reasoning why the Asian male may feel repressed, and that the effecting variables were due to racial discrimination. Therefore I can understand why the company was suspected of breaking the civil rights act, as they refused promotion of a man of a different race, yet accepted a man of a their own creed, a breach of employment regulation.However, I do not believe that this incident was sufficient enough to award the â€Å"victim† over $3,000, as there is also the highly likely possibility that the company was acting accordingly. With the event occurring within a racially charged area, there is even the possibility that the Asian male was acting out of racial discrimination himself. Enforcing his revenge upon the Caucasian dominated firm, as he may be a racist individual, attempting to affect the business controlled by an opposite race. An additional reason why I would not have taken such drastic action is due to the fact that the Solicitors firm, whose workforce was a mere 12, employed the Asian male knowing that he was of a different race.If the company had practised racial discrimination, surely they would have rejected Mr. Mumbtaz upon application of the position, rather than reject his request for a promotion. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#4 This to me shows evidence that a racist management did not control the firm, and therefore no racial discrimination within the business took place. Upon a more global scale, Apple Computers have recently been charged with a $40 million racial discrimination lawsuit, charging the company of unfair dismissal an African-American employee. Described by the plaintiff's attorney as â€Å"one the largest racial discrimination cases in U. S.history,† the suit alleges that the former employee was denied promotions and standard perks, isolated from co-workers; and then fired for a trivial offence. The suit was filed on October 30th in Santa Clara County Superior Court. The plaintiff, who did not reveal his name because he is currently looking for work, was an Apple employee from 1998 until he was fired in July 2005, working as a product design engineer. The lawsuit alleges that the plaintiff was fired after he brought a friend to work in April 2005, to encourage him to pursue a college education. Waukeen Q. McCoy, the plaintiff's attorney, stated that he believes his client has an exceptionally strong case for discrimination and wrongful termination.â€Å"His white counterparts have not been disciplined or terminated for bringing a friend or family member to campus, and it is a way for them to get him out of the company,† McCoy stated. He also believed that the plaintiff was receiving less pay than his white counterparts, an act that would be breaking employment laws. After bringing the friend to Apple's campus, the plaintiff was suspended, leading the company to launch an investigation before terminating the employee; who is now still without employment, currently looking for work in Silicon Valley. McCoy said that the employee had no prior problems and had an â€Å"above average† work record. When new management took control of the plaintiff's department within the company, he was immediately moved into a separate cubicle away from the rest of his groupDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#5 for no apparent reason. This formed the foundations of the lawsuit as it provided a suspect indication of racial discrimination towards the employee. The attorney for this case, Waukeen Q. McCoy, has a track record for successfully prosecuting racial discrimination lawsuits. He was the lead plaintiff's attorney in the largest racial discrimination suit in U. S. history, the infamous â€Å"Carroll v. Interstate Brands Corporation† case. Interstate Brands, makers of Wonder Bread and other consumer foods, was sued by 15 African-American employees for refusing to hire and promote African-American employees.In August 2000, a jury awarded the plaintiffs $135 million, leading the case to be voted â€Å"Verdict of the Year† by Verdicts & Settlements Magazine. Waukeen Q. McCoy stated that he would be willing to settle the case if Apple made a reasonable offer. However this request has fallen upon deaf ears, as Apple have so far failed to respond to the letters that McCoy has sent. Waukeen Q. McCoy said to reporters â€Å"I think this is certainly something that corporate America should look at and think twice about doing to someone, singling them out like this,† whereas a spokesperson for Apple declined to comment on the case, citing a company policy of not discussing pending litigation (Apple).Unlike the previous case of the solicitors firm where I believe the employee was at fault, and discrimination was free from the employment sector, it is most likely that racial discrimination did indeed occur within the Apple firm. The United States of America has a tradition of African-American slavery; and due to this, racial discri mination is the main assumption as to why an African-American person should be sacked by a Caucasian company. However, with this conjecture comes the fact that it is also easy for an Africa-American male to claim that he was the victim of racial discrimination, as he knows the topic will receive a great deal of coverage, and put the company who he believes has offended him under significant pressure. The reasoning for this may be money driven, as they know DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#6that the company may agree upon an out of court settlement, protecting the company’s image and reputable status. Despite this, my opinion that racial discrimination was present is made almost certain by the accounts of the African-American being moved into a separate cubical for no apparent reason, and the fact that the African-American man was prosecuted for actions that his Caucasian counterparts were not. In doing this, I believe that the Apple firm has neglected the laws of the civil r ights movement by not cohering to the laws of pay, fringe benefits, and the usage of the company facilities; therefore using racial discrimination against there employee, and should consequently receive punishment for their actions.Unlike the previous lawsuit, the Apple Company has a large workforce and employment system. As a result, this means that they obviously employ a great deal more employees due to the high number of jobs available. This presents the possibility of employing African-American individuals out of necessity rather than out of preference. Holding prejudice and racial discrimination against the employee from his arrival to the organisation. Lawsuits such as this cannot so easily be assessed due to the nature of the event, as there is no actual evidence that whatever occurred originated from racially driven motives; consequently meaning that the case is therefore based upon opinions and beliefs.My personal outlook upon the term racism itself, the main factor of rac ial discrimination, is that it refers to beliefs or practices that differences exist between the genetics of various groups of human beings; and that these differences can be measured upon a scale of superior to inferior. This therefore presents the theory that one race is greater than the other, which is the outlook upon life I believe a racist person preaches. If a person believes that their race if superior to others, I do not think that they themselves should be judged against the law, due to the fact that it is there belief, only there actions. Thus the outcome of the Apple Computer court case and the majority of Discrimination withinDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#7 Employment lawsuits, mainly Racial Discrimination, are forced upon becoming based upon the issues of morals and ethics. Morality is a complex set of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. The se concepts and beliefs are often generalized and codified by a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behaviour of its members. Conformity to such codification may also be called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its continued existence.A moral may refer to a particular principle, usually as informal and a general summary with respect to a moral principle, as it is applied in a given human situation (Morals). I believe that this statement shows that racial discrimination is indeed a moral topic, due to each race having their own morals, and most probably there racial actions originating from their form of morality. However despite this racial discrimination lawsuits cannot be assessed using this theory of philosophy, as morals do not determine what is right or wrong in the aspects of society, only for the particular individual in question. Ethics however refer to standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave, based up on moral duties and virtues; which themselves are derived from the principles of right and wrong.In order to apply this definition to practical decision-making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behaviour. There are two aspects to ethics: the first involves the ability to discern right from wrong, good from evil, and propriety from impropriety; whilst the second involves the commitment to do what is right, good and proper (Ethics). Due to this, I believe that this statement can easily be applied to the events that occur within the cases of racial discrimination within employment; as what employers have done to employees may not break the employment laws directly, however they impede the ethical laws within human society. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#8If the situation of the Asian male lawsuit involved members of the same race, with the outcome being the same, it is most likely that no action would have been taken. Howe ver, if the situation within Apple Computers had involved a Caucasian male instead of an African American male, and the case was still taken to court. The lawsuit would then have to be resolved via the means of morals, as none of the employment laws would have been breached. This therefore leads to the conclusion that discrimination within employment is that of an ethical matter rather than being based upon moral principles. From what has been presented it is evident that discrimination occurs within the employment sector, no matter where the company is located, its size or the recognition that it withholds.It is not something that can easily be seen or addressed, such as the punctuality of an employee, and even if it is noticed it is then even more complicated to have any action taken. Throughout the world there is employment; employees looking for work, and employers looking for employees. Due to this there will always be racially mixed companies and, as long as there are racial b oundaries, racial discrimination within employment. Despite fair employment practises being in place to prevent discrimination within employment, the outcome is usually blinded by the nature of the event. Human society itself should be able to prevent this discrimination, without the need of imposed laws or regulations within the workplace.

Analysis of Surrealism

You will have every lesson for the next two weeks to complete this SAC. Your final piece of work is to be submitted, along with any hand-written notes you have taken, no later than Friday June 10th. PART 1: The Surrealist Movement Using the knowledge you have gained in class, as well as your own further research, discuss the historical context in which the Surrealist movement emerged and flourished. (hint. Analyses the relationship between The Surrealist Movement and the political, social and economic developments of the period.Examine and discuss the work (in general) of The Surrealist Movement. Describe the aims, methods and achievements of the Surrealists throughout the early twentieth century. PART 2: A surrealist Artist Choose ONE (and only ONE) Surrealist Artist and profile them. How did they and their work personally contribute to The Surrealist Movement? Consider the response to or the effect of their work at the time it was produced. What impact did this work have on the soc iety in which it was produced?Are their works still significant today? Examine and discuss the work (in general) of your chosen Surrealist Artist. Describe the aims, methods and achievements of this artist throughout the early twentieth century. Identify to what extent the themes of disillusionment, loss of confidence, anxiety or a celebration of the modern or of a political belief are present in these works. PART 3: surrealist Art Choose ONE (and only ONE) piece of art (painting, sculpture etc. ) from your chosen Surrealist Artist. Into – include a copy of this piece, as well as the title, artist, materials (egg. Oil on canvas, iron sculpture etc. ) and year it was created. Give a detailed analysis of the subject of the piece of art. What statement was your chosen artist making by producing this work? How was it received by society at the time it was produced? Is it viewed differently today than what it was when it was first produced? Why/how? What impact did this work have on the society in which it was produced? Is the piece still significant today? Why/why not?

Free Essays on Persuasive Speech Analysis

Informative Speech â€Å"Student Advocates for American Sign Language† Sweaty palms, shaking legs, and a high pitched voice are just a few of the ways my body reacts to formal public speaking. In an informal situation I am very vocal and speak my opinion. However, in formal settings, especially concerning school, I get very nervous. I have the voice necessary for excellent public speaking and with work and practice feel that one day I might excel. For this particular assignment I chose to give an informative speech on the new club that I am trying to develop on campus, â€Å"Student Advocates for American Sign Language.† At the end of my speech I informed the audience on how they could help me turn this idea into a reality. Constructive criticism is essential in any work in order to progress and become better. The particular speech analyst that I worked with was not very good at providing such criticism. I know that my speech was less than mediocre and feel that more advice was necessary. I am flattered that she felt like I did not need much advice, but I know that is not true. I really had to prompt her on her advice with me. I knew what I was lacking in and what I needed to make stronger, but she never touched on those things. The introduction to my speech was not as attention grabbing as I would have liked, but I could not think of anything great for this particular speech topic. I stuck with the traditional â€Å"Why am I here?† technique to inform my audience who I was and what I was planning on informing them about. My initial audience was just the analyst and my good friend, Allison Brady. The second speech I was a lot more nervous because a male classmate was also in there. Based on the information my audience gave me although I did not have a great attention grabber, my topic interested them enough to want them to keep there ears open and hear more about what I had to say. The central idea of my speec... Free Essays on Persuasive Speech Analysis Free Essays on Persuasive Speech Analysis Informative Speech â€Å"Student Advocates for American Sign Language† Sweaty palms, shaking legs, and a high pitched voice are just a few of the ways my body reacts to formal public speaking. In an informal situation I am very vocal and speak my opinion. However, in formal settings, especially concerning school, I get very nervous. I have the voice necessary for excellent public speaking and with work and practice feel that one day I might excel. For this particular assignment I chose to give an informative speech on the new club that I am trying to develop on campus, â€Å"Student Advocates for American Sign Language.† At the end of my speech I informed the audience on how they could help me turn this idea into a reality. Constructive criticism is essential in any work in order to progress and become better. The particular speech analyst that I worked with was not very good at providing such criticism. I know that my speech was less than mediocre and feel that more advice was necessary. I am flattered that she felt like I did not need much advice, but I know that is not true. I really had to prompt her on her advice with me. I knew what I was lacking in and what I needed to make stronger, but she never touched on those things. The introduction to my speech was not as attention grabbing as I would have liked, but I could not think of anything great for this particular speech topic. I stuck with the traditional â€Å"Why am I here?† technique to inform my audience who I was and what I was planning on informing them about. My initial audience was just the analyst and my good friend, Allison Brady. The second speech I was a lot more nervous because a male classmate was also in there. Based on the information my audience gave me although I did not have a great attention grabber, my topic interested them enough to want them to keep there ears open and hear more about what I had to say. The central idea of my speec...

Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece

PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH’S FY 2006 BUDGET PROPOSAL As one who is deeply interested in politics and its study, and who is engaged to a degree in its happenings, several observations have been noted by my person. It began with smaller details juxtaposed with overall outlooks. I began to notice, the more I attended my public high school, that it needed significant improvement in terms of its programs and methods of teaching and examination. After a semester in England, I compared it to my experience at my university back home, and so great discrepancies in quality of education and in terms of political activism. My home campus is a politically dead one, with students worried about a job market as opposed to world affairs. I began to notice that this was true in many other universities, as explained to me by my friends. My list of observations could go on, including but not limited to the poor quality of presidents relative to foreign prime ministers and former presidents, the lagging of American innovation behind that of the Europ ean Union, and a growing bureaucracy that makes the government America’s biggest employer. Which segues perfectly into President Bush’s budget: it presented a bigger government under a supposed â€Å"fiscal conservative.† The government has grown under this president, and he doesn’t deny that the government is in the business of being â€Å"compassionate.† But once again, education is under-funded. And this of course doesn’t make the administration that different than others. On numerous occasions, both parties have failed to address the serious problems in our education systems and opportunities they offer in a competitive global market. Perhaps the only positive thing that has occurred is the No Child Left Behind Act which was a Clinton brain-child. It passed under Bush, and isn’t positive to me in that it’s a great program, only that it’s an experiment with an ailing educational s... Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH’S FY 2006 BUDGET PROPOSAL As one who is deeply interested in politics and its study, and who is engaged to a degree in its happenings, several observations have been noted by my person. It began with smaller details juxtaposed with overall outlooks. I began to notice, the more I attended my public high school, that it needed significant improvement in terms of its programs and methods of teaching and examination. After a semester in England, I compared it to my experience at my university back home, and so great discrepancies in quality of education and in terms of political activism. My home campus is a politically dead one, with students worried about a job market as opposed to world affairs. I began to notice that this was true in many other universities, as explained to me by my friends. My list of observations could go on, including but not limited to the poor quality of presidents relative to foreign prime ministers and former presidents, the lagging of American innovation behind that of the Europ ean Union, and a growing bureaucracy that makes the government America’s biggest employer. Which segues perfectly into President Bush’s budget: it presented a bigger government under a supposed â€Å"fiscal conservative.† The government has grown under this president, and he doesn’t deny that the government is in the business of being â€Å"compassionate.† But once again, education is under-funded. And this of course doesn’t make the administration that different than others. On numerous occasions, both parties have failed to address the serious problems in our education systems and opportunities they offer in a competitive global market. Perhaps the only positive thing that has occurred is the No Child Left Behind Act which was a Clinton brain-child. It passed under Bush, and isn’t positive to me in that it’s a great program, only that it’s an experiment with an ailing educational s...

ASPCA ASPCA Uses Aristotles Power of Persuasion

This is an animal that should not live alone like this; it can truly pull a few heart ties and bring a lot of emotions like sadness, anger, even happiness. For example, what can you do to help such a thing make most people feel amazing, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, amazing, great. As they continue to browse advertisements, they notice how some animals get help and find a house, it usually makes them happy. On the ASPCA website, The Association for the Prevention of Atrocities to American Animals (ASPCA) considers consumption of animal products such as animals, milk and eggs to be personal and personal decisions I will. It should be handled humanely. It is the same as most Americans. However, this policy quietly left the site at some point. Now, ASPCA says: Pain in livestock can be reduced through a more humanitarian agricultural practice and awareness of animal welfare and a decrease in consumption of animal products. This is perfect HSUS 'official' It is similar to optimization, exchange We will replace the goal of meat and dairy products. One of the initial goals of ASPCA was to improve animal health and happiness. The first animal hospital under ASPCA was founded in 1912. Since the establishment of these hospitals, ASPCA has found a new strategy to improve its cause: the ability to develop various medical procedures and innovations with the help of new discoveries in medicine and technology. ASPCA exercises local and national leadership in three key areas: care for pet parents and pets, and providing positive outcomes for endangered animals and victims of service We call itself. A cruelty of animals In addition to rescuing animals, ASPCA is also involved in disaster prevention and management. For example, before Hurricane Gustaf landed in Louisiana on September 1, 2008, the ASPCA was inspecting more than 800 animals at shelter port refuge.

Undecided Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Undecided - Assignment Example The public meeting was just one of the four Boston based informational meetings that seeks the public views on the future of late-night service. The council and the public discussed plans on how to extend or terminate the pilot late-night service launched in April 2014. In attending the meeting under the invite of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) and Boston City Council, I hoped to share my views on the plans to extend the late-night service. The MBTA invited the registered voters in the locality to the meeting to seek their views on the planned late-night service. Apparently, the meeting runs smoothly though some improvements were necessary. The public was entitled to attend the meeting and make their observations. The host availed the agendas way before the meeting. Moreover, minutes of the public meeting are available upon confirmation. Most people including me arrived about 15 minutes before the meeting so that they could familiarize themselves with the seating arrangement and learn how to use the advanced public system. Prior to the meeting, the host made special seating arrangements for everybody including the disabled. The host also offered American Sign Language Interpreters, handouts, guidelines, and public speaking devices that facilitated communication in the meeting. As such, everybody including the disabled and people with poor English proficiency was comfortable in the meeting. MBTA officials, local and state leaders present at the meeting focused on receiving and responding to public concerns about the planned late-night service. On this issue, the community had a right to comment, ask questions, and vote on the planned transport program. Evidently, the public meeting depicted a democratic process that involved a significant number of people in making a public decision. More so, the meeting is happening in a safe and secure place. In the meeting, the MBTA officials made a PowerPoint presentation on the dynamics of the

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures Essay

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures - Essay Example ... rates with its own parent name, while in Mexico, it is known as Walmex, Asda in the United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan, Best Price in India and other nomenclatures as it expands far and wide throughout the world. In the following, the strategic management of marketing realms within China and Mexico are discussed to gain a solid understanding of the subject at hand. Strategic Management of Marketing Operations in China China is a booming economy and this is the reason why Wal-Mart can thrive on the success that it has achieved elsewhere. The marketing operations within China can be localized to suit the needs of the Chinese citizens. From a strategic perspective, the marketing realms would be well covered if Wal-Mart knows that its procedures within China have to be in a step by step process. If these procedures are duly dealt with, there would be a sense of calmness attached with conducting Wal-Mart’s business operations in the country. The requirement therefore is to comprehend w here Wal-Mart must manifest its total basis and how well it can maneuver the Chinese population into purchasing goods and commodities from Wal-Mart rather than other retail chains, which could comprise of the global ones as well as the local players. With positive customer service coming to the assistance of Wal-Mart through the ‘sundown rule’ and the ‘ten foot rule’, one can estimate the level of clarity within the marketing operations in Chinese Wal-Mart domains (Usunier, 2009). The strategic management of the marketing operations within China cannot be achieved if Wal-Mart does not understand the cultural implications of the land and the ways and means through which Chinese people involve within the purchase cycle. Since China is a booming market, it would only be natural on the part

Analysis Of The Legal Issues Pertaining To Cliffhanger Festival Essay

Analysis Of The Legal Issues Pertaining To Cliffhanger Festival - Essay Example The Cliffhanger festival is a major outdoor event that aims at attracting people from all over the world to come and join in the fun of its outdoor games and exhibitions. A cliffhanger is an annual event that is rotated across the UK and this year, it is being held in Sheffield between July 2nd and 4th. The festival is organized by Heason Events, Sheffield City Council, and Events Sheffield. Heason events are the primary event organizer. The partners include BKSA, British Military, International Federation of Sporting Councils, Jury’s Inn, Millhouse Works, Real Radio, and SYO. Sponsors include Decathlon, Climbing Works, Yorkshire Hotels and Hammer design. Music and camping services are rendered in partnership with Alpkit UK. The festival will be opened to members of the public and it primarily targets families. It will involve a series of outdoor events and camping as well as entertainment and fun. The main events include bike riding, bowling, training sessions, caves, climbin g, demonstrations by professional fitness trainers, golf, races, food and drink exhibitions, blood donations, swimming, music and amusement, camping and jumping. Most of the event will be held at Millhouse Park, Abbeydale, Sheffield which has 200 parks, woodlands, and gardens and is the greenest city in Britain. There will be an admission fee of  £6 for adults and  £1 for an accompanying person under 16 and free for an accompanying person under the age of 4. This shows the fact that the festival seeks to promote family participation.

Pressure to cover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pressure to cover - Essay Example The need for cover is not only in the call centers operating from India, but even in the United States, which prides itself as a nation which embraces diversity. Wherever you go, you can see instances of ordinary Americans 'covering' under pressure. That is, pretending to what they are not-pretending to be like the mainstream. According to Kenji Yoshino who writes in his article,"The Pressure to Cover" published in the New York Times of January 15, 2006, people "play down their outsider identities to blend into the mainstream." Although the laws against discrimination have become pretty strict with the enforcement of "a battery of civil Rights Laws" like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, there are still subtler forms of discrimination practised. Now entire ethnic groups or racial minorities are not targeted for discrimination, but there is still discrimination against individuals who dare to go against the mainstream. Yoshino says that individuals are forced to 'cover'. Since the existing civil rights laws do not protect individuals fully, they are forced to concede to the social demands to 'cover'. I have come across many people who try to cover. I remember I used to wear long sleeved shirts even in summer when I had an attack of eczema in my elbow when I was seven years old. I was just covering my stigma, although everybody knew about the eczema. Fortunately for me, it got cured very soon and I could wear comfortable clothes. My friend Singh who belongs to a religious sect called Sikhs, wears a turban according to the tenets of his religion, and has long hair. Although his ambition is to join the air force, he can never do so. . Sociologist Irving Goffman's 1963 book, "Stigma" provided the inspiration for Yoshino. According to Goffman, covering was practiced even by the famous like President F.D.Roosevelt. "He relates how F.D.R. stationed himself behind a desk before his advisors came in for a meeting.He was covering, playing down his disability so people would focus on his more conventionally presidential qualities." (Yoshino) Yoshino gives examples of other famous personalities who resorted to covering- Helen Keller got artificial glass eyes in place of her natural , protruding eyes, Margaret Thatcher got coaching in speaking, many famous personalities like Martin Sheen and Ben Kingsley changed their original names to Anglo-Saxon sounding names. Covering is done by people who have already admitted that they have a stigma, and make efforts to ensure that the stigma is not very noticeable. Karthikeyan told me about his own son, a little boy of six, whom the parents have named Ashwin. "I call him Ash, and my wife calls him Win. We are happy both the names sound American," he said smugly. Many non white and non Anglo Saxon ethnic groups have started giving Anglo-Saxon sounding names to their children. Almost all Chinese Americans have an English name; there are many Charlies and Jimmys in Chinatowns. It is a well known fact that many Hollywood stars have changed their names to make them more English sounding. Kirk Douglas' real name was Issur Danielovitch Demsky, and Ben Kingsley's was Krishna Bhanji. Changing their real name is also a sort of cover. When Karthikeyan introduces himself as 'Karr', he is taking refuge in a cover, he is trying to blend seamlessly into the mainstream. Citing a number of cases, Yoshino argues,"Under this rule,

European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Human Rights - Essay Example It also seeks to promote the rights of women and children, as well as of minorities and displaced persons. ‘Margin of appreciation’ is a doctrine that was first developed and applied in the case law of European Court and Commission of Human Rights. It is a concept developed by the European Union where different member states’ courts can interpret the Convention of Human Rights differently (Greer, 2000, p.5). The doctrine does not have universal litigation for all convention rights, since it has higher profile for some convention rights i.e. right to property; however, it has lower profile on other rights in the conventions. Moreover, there is no simple and clear method of describing how the doctrine works; further, the doctrine’s nature is that of uneven and unpredictable. Due to the nature of margin of appreciation, there is need for much structure, precision supervision and regularity in its application (Greer, 2000, p.5). The European Union formulated th e margin of appreciation since its member states comprise of diverse cultural and legal traditions embraced thus, it was difficult to identify uniform European standards of human rights. Moreover, the doctrine provides the flexibility needed to avoid damaging rows between the European Court, General, and the Member States. Additionally it permits the Court to balance the autonomy of Member States with their obligations under the Convention. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contemporary practice of margin of appreciation in applying of Convention rights and freedoms. The paper will explore the logical flaws in the margin doctrine as currently conceived and the way they contribute in devaluing the convention. Moreover, the role of the Strasbourg Organ in the supervision of administering of the doctrine in its Member States is also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the efficiency and consistency of supervision is analyzed. Margin of appreciation The European Commission o f Human Rights endorsed margin of appreciation on the grounds that the national authorities are better placed to judge than the Strasbourg institutions. This doctrine is applicable in connection with articles of the convention providing some accommodations or limitation clauses. Some of the areas where Member States have been accorded margin of appreciation by the European Union convention on human rights are protection of morals, determining the mandate of the judiciary, prevention of crime and disorder and matters pertaining to national economy and security. In determining the scope of marginal of appreciation, the courts consider firstly, the subject matter of the protected right, i.e. a narrow margin is issued if the subject matter being protected is considered fundamental. Secondly, the aim and the interest of set restriction are also considered. Therefore, the margin of appreciation is determined by the effects of a restriction on other people in the society. Moreover, there a re European consensus standards, which are applicable to all Member States. In such cases, there is less need for application of margin of appreciation (Kleijkamp, 1999, p.50). However, there is concern in that uncontrolled margin of appreciation is devaluing the rights and freedoms provided by the Human Rights Convention. States that have the norm of human rights relativism can exploit this doctrine to cartel the exercise of human

Analysis Of The Legal Issues Pertaining To Cliffhanger Festival Essay

Analysis Of The Legal Issues Pertaining To Cliffhanger Festival - Essay Example The Cliffhanger festival is a major outdoor event that aims at attracting people from all over the world to come and join in the fun of its outdoor games and exhibitions. A cliffhanger is an annual event that is rotated across the UK and this year, it is being held in Sheffield between July 2nd and 4th. The festival is organized by Heason Events, Sheffield City Council, and Events Sheffield. Heason events are the primary event organizer. The partners include BKSA, British Military, International Federation of Sporting Councils, Jury’s Inn, Millhouse Works, Real Radio, and SYO. Sponsors include Decathlon, Climbing Works, Yorkshire Hotels and Hammer design. Music and camping services are rendered in partnership with Alpkit UK. The festival will be opened to members of the public and it primarily targets families. It will involve a series of outdoor events and camping as well as entertainment and fun. The main events include bike riding, bowling, training sessions, caves, climbin g, demonstrations by professional fitness trainers, golf, races, food and drink exhibitions, blood donations, swimming, music and amusement, camping and jumping. Most of the event will be held at Millhouse Park, Abbeydale, Sheffield which has 200 parks, woodlands, and gardens and is the greenest city in Britain. There will be an admission fee of  £6 for adults and  £1 for an accompanying person under 16 and free for an accompanying person under the age of 4. This shows the fact that the festival seeks to promote family participation.

European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Human Rights - Essay Example It also seeks to promote the rights of women and children, as well as of minorities and displaced persons. ‘Margin of appreciation’ is a doctrine that was first developed and applied in the case law of European Court and Commission of Human Rights. It is a concept developed by the European Union where different member states’ courts can interpret the Convention of Human Rights differently (Greer, 2000, p.5). The doctrine does not have universal litigation for all convention rights, since it has higher profile for some convention rights i.e. right to property; however, it has lower profile on other rights in the conventions. Moreover, there is no simple and clear method of describing how the doctrine works; further, the doctrine’s nature is that of uneven and unpredictable. Due to the nature of margin of appreciation, there is need for much structure, precision supervision and regularity in its application (Greer, 2000, p.5). The European Union formulated th e margin of appreciation since its member states comprise of diverse cultural and legal traditions embraced thus, it was difficult to identify uniform European standards of human rights. Moreover, the doctrine provides the flexibility needed to avoid damaging rows between the European Court, General, and the Member States. Additionally it permits the Court to balance the autonomy of Member States with their obligations under the Convention. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contemporary practice of margin of appreciation in applying of Convention rights and freedoms. The paper will explore the logical flaws in the margin doctrine as currently conceived and the way they contribute in devaluing the convention. Moreover, the role of the Strasbourg Organ in the supervision of administering of the doctrine in its Member States is also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the efficiency and consistency of supervision is analyzed. Margin of appreciation The European Commission o f Human Rights endorsed margin of appreciation on the grounds that the national authorities are better placed to judge than the Strasbourg institutions. This doctrine is applicable in connection with articles of the convention providing some accommodations or limitation clauses. Some of the areas where Member States have been accorded margin of appreciation by the European Union convention on human rights are protection of morals, determining the mandate of the judiciary, prevention of crime and disorder and matters pertaining to national economy and security. In determining the scope of marginal of appreciation, the courts consider firstly, the subject matter of the protected right, i.e. a narrow margin is issued if the subject matter being protected is considered fundamental. Secondly, the aim and the interest of set restriction are also considered. Therefore, the margin of appreciation is determined by the effects of a restriction on other people in the society. Moreover, there a re European consensus standards, which are applicable to all Member States. In such cases, there is less need for application of margin of appreciation (Kleijkamp, 1999, p.50). However, there is concern in that uncontrolled margin of appreciation is devaluing the rights and freedoms provided by the Human Rights Convention. States that have the norm of human rights relativism can exploit this doctrine to cartel the exercise of human

Your Personal Sales Letter - The Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Your Personal Sales Letter The Cover Letter Essay The need to accompany a professional resume with a cover letter is as basic as offering a handshake, signing a card, saying thank you or the greeting at the beginning or end of a phone call. All may be taken for granted as a common courtesy, but you can be assured that by omitting any of the above, you will miss an opportunity to generate a positive and lasting impression. A cover letter sets the stage by enticing the reader with a personal connection and a professional introduction that is expected when submitting a resume. A generic letter addressed to the â€Å"resident† or a cover letter addressed â€Å"to whom it may concern† or â€Å"Senior Marketing Manager† is no match for one which is personally addressed. A cover letter can be a powerful selling tool if it is professional, personally addressed, contains pertinent information to the company and position and includes highlights of your accomplishments. All are criteria for each type of cover letter. Here are a few more points to ensure your cover letter is a powerful selling tool: Format your cover letter consistently with your resume regarding the font type and header Include full contact information as found in your resume Adjust right and left margins alike and leave consistent white space at top and bottom Check for spelling or grammatical errors Obtain a contact name and full address for the recipient Clearly introduce yourself and the reason you are submitting your resume Highlight accomplishments from your resume that are pertinent to the position Do not include information that is not available for validation in your resume Note information about the company to reinforce your interest and due diligence Choose industry/job related keywords that are current

Marital Satisfaction And Gender Sociology Essay

Marital Satisfaction And Gender Sociology Essay Marital satisfaction also called marital quality is defined as the happiness and satisfaction one feels about their relationship with their spouse, as well as how well one feels their spouse fulfills their needs (Booth, Johnson, and Granger, 2005; Peleg, 2008). Marital satisfaction is the subject of much sociological research. Most of this research has focused on how certain influences affect marital satisfaction. Current research examines how factors such as division of labor, income, and parenthood affect marital quality (Kluwer, Heesink, and Van De Vliert, 1997; Tichenor, 1999; Cox, Paley, Burchinal and Payne, 1999). Studies shows that many factors play a role in the happiness spouses feel about their relationships. Much of the early research in this area focused on the traditional roles of husbands and wives. Because of recent trends such as the increase in dual-earner households and the fact that many women are making more money than their husbands, more recent studies focus on how gender role ideologies affect the marital relationship. Gender role ideology is how a person relates to family or marital roles that are usually linked to gender (Minnotte, Minnotte, Pederson, Mannon, and Kiger, 2010). Gender role ideologies are defined by Mickelson, Claffey, and Williams (2006) as spouses expectations of each other as well as of themselves within the context of the marital relationship. Mickelson et al. (2006) investigate the impact of egalitarian and traditional gender roles on marital satisfaction. Gender role ideology is shown to be a major influence on the levels of marital satisfaction reported by husbands and wives. Marital discord also influences marital satisfaction. Rogers (1999) defines m arital discord as problems and conflict in the marital relationship. Communication and interaction between spouses can have a major impact on marital quality. Does gender play a role in marital satisfaction? This article will examine previous research on the major factors that influence marital satisfaction, including gender role ideology, division of labor, income, children and parenthood, and communication and marital interaction beginning with the factors that correlate most with gender. GENDER ROLE IDEOLOGY Gender role ideology is defined by Minnotte et al. (2010) as the identity one assigns him- or herself with regard to gender-linked marriage or family roles. The difference in expectations between egalitarian and traditional gender roles can have a major impact on marital satisfaction. Lower marriage satisfaction in women seems to be the result of traditional gender role expectations (Ng, Loy, Gudmunson, and Cheong, 2009). However, lower marriage satisfaction in men tends to be influenced by egalitarian gender role expectations (Ng et al. 2009). Traditional relationships can appear to be less conflicted than egalitarian ones, but this is likely the result of conflict avoidance in the traditional relationship (Kluwer et al. 1997). Egalitarian relationships may seem to observers to have more conflict, however, they also have more communication and conflict resolution, whereas traditional relationships foster lower marital satisfaction by evading conflict management (Kluwer et al. 1997). Studies show that the gender role ideologies of husbands and wives play a significant role in their levels of marital quality. Mens marital quality is higher when the husband and wife share the same role ideology and is lower when the ideologies differ (Minnotte et al. 2010). When work responsibilities interfere with family responsibilities, the quality of marriage and other familial relationships can deteriorate. Minnotte et al. (2010) explain that egalitarian wives marital satisfaction suffers with relation to work-to-family conflict (lower marital satisfaction is related to high work-to-family conflict). Work-to-family conflict is defined as conflict that occurs when family needs are negatively impacted by the demands of ones work (Minnotte et al. 2010). DIVISION OF LABOR Division of labor continues to be a contentious issue between spouses. Saginak and Saginak (2005) define labor in the context of marriage and family as responsibilities of the home, including domestic, emotion and organizational work necessary to maintaining a family home. Dew and Wilcox (2011), Faulkner et al. (2005), and Ng et al. (2009) all report that a perception of inequitable distribution of household labor is directly related to marital dissatisfaction. In addition, Kluwer et al. (1997) report that just because a couple does not report household labor conflict doesnt mean that it is not present in their relationship. In traditional marriages, wives frequently avoid division of labor conflict, however discontent they may be, according to Kluwer et al. (1997). Evidence shows that instrumental support is crucial to marital satisfaction for egalitarian wives (Mickelson et al. 2006). However, the level of egalitarianism in men is negatively related to their marital satisfaction, probably because there is a higher expectation of household labor duties for egalitarian men compared to traditional men (Mickelson et al. 2006). This shows that in spite of egalitarian beliefs, many men still do not consider household labor their responsibility. INCOME The amount of money a woman makes doesnt influence marital quality in the ways we may think. Tichenor (1999) finds that gender has more of an impact on marital satisfaction than status or income. In families where the wife earns more money than the husband, most women reject the power they may get from earning more money and create an image of their husbands control of the family (Tichenor, 1999). These status-reversal relationships appear to seek the image of a conventional marriage (Tichenor, 1999). Tichenors (1999) research shows that most husbands prefer the label of provider and do not object to this manufactured image. Wives who earn more money than their husbands are still doing a majority of the housework while contributing a majority of the family income (Tichenor, 1999). This shows that housework is gendered and not influenced by wives income. Women cannot exchange money for housework by earning more money than their husbands (Tichenor, 1999). Rogers (1999) reports that wives marital dissatisfaction significantly influences wives income. Marital discord can contribute to a womans decision to get a job, but husbands marital dissatisfaction has no influence over their wives income (Rogers, 1999). Interestingly, Faulkner, Davey, and Davey (2005) report that wives job loss creates less marital conflict and a higher level of marital satisfaction for them. However, the time their husbands spend working outside the home is negatively related to their marital happiness (Faulkner et al. 2005). When a wife is unhappy, she is more likely to get a job outside the home, but when an employed wife loses her job, it contributes to less conflict and more satisfaction in the marriage. This illustrates the tendency of many men to have traditional gender role expectations. CHILDREN/PARENTHOOD The effects of parenthood on marriage are also more complicated than expected. Cox et al. (1999) argue that having children creates a decrease in marital satisfaction, but that the severity of the decrease is significantly influenced by whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned, the gender of the child, and the conflict managements skills of the couple prior to pregnancy. Levels of marital satisfaction have been shown to bottom out around the childs first birthday, and then increase in small increments during the childs second year of life (Cox et al. 1999). Planned pregnancies purported higher levels of marital satisfaction than unplanned pregnancies. Studies show that parents of male children report higher levels of marital satisfaction than parents of female children, although the difference was slight (Cox et al. 1999). Dew and Wilcox (2011) report that wives decrease in marital satisfaction shortly after childbirth was attributed to a decrease in time spent with their spous e as compared to prior to the birth of the child. COMMUNICATION/MARITAL INTERACTION Communication plays a vital role in marital quality. Disclosure is the sharing of information about the self including past information and future plans (Finkenauer, Engels, Branje, and Meeus, 2004). Disclosure is a key aspect of marital communication. Finkenauer et al. (2004) state that disclosure in horizontal familial relationships is positively related to relationship quality. Sharing between spouses can lead to more intimacy and feelings of closeness (Finkenauer et al. 2004). Loss of time spent together as a couple can contribute to low marital satisfaction (Dew and Wilcox, 2011). Spending time together can lead to more sharing and disclosure, and has been shown to lead to higher levels of marital satisfaction for husbands and wives (Finkenauer et al. 2004). Interpersonal differentiation is also very important to personal relationships. Peleg (2008) defines interpersonal differentiation as the capacity for both intimacy and autonomy in relationships with others. Peleg (2008) argues that the differentiation of self is crucial to marital satisfaction. There is delicate balance of togetherness and separation that contributes to a healthy marriage (Peleg, 2008). More marital conflict is experienced by couples with low differentiation (Peleg, 2008). Peleg (2008) also states that low differentiation can result in negative feelings, which can negatively impact marriage satisfaction. These factors were equally significant for both men and women (Peleg, 2008). High marital locus of control (MLC) is associated with increased marital happiness (Myers and Booth, 1999). Locus of control is defined by Myers et al. (1999) as the level of control one feels over the conditions of their life. High MLC among spouses is directly correlated to lower reported marital instability and conflict (Myers and Booth, 1999). In other words, a perception of more control over marital activity equals increased perceived marital quality (Myers and Booth, 1999). Gender has not been shown to play a role in the MLC factor. Another aspect of the level of marital satisfaction has to do with the increasing number of aging wives caring for their ill and/or aging husbands. Between impaired husbands and their care giving wives, reciprocity of emotional support is directly related to lower perceptions of burden and increased marital satisfaction in the wives (Wright and Aquilino, 1998). Although reciprocity levels depend on the impairment of the husbands, increased interaction leads to higher marital quality perception in care giving wives (Wright and Aquilino, 1998.) CONCLUSION There is no simple answer to whether gender influences marital satisfaction. Simply stating that one gender is happier in marriage than the other is oversimplifying the facts. Most literature on marital satisfaction focuses on the different factors that influence marital satisfaction such as gender role ideology, income, children and parenting, communication and marital interaction, and division of labor. Some research goes a step further to distinguish how each factor is affected by gender, and some does not. There are so many angles from which to look at the quality of marriage that it would be next to impossible to isolate gender as the single most compelling issue in marital satisfaction. For example, a husband who has traditional gender role expectations is more likely to report higher marital satisfaction if his wife stays home with the children and does all the housework. However, if the wife does not share the traditional gender role expectations, she will be unhappy in the marriage, which will no doubt affect the husbands satisfaction with the relationship. These multi-layered findings make it obvious that gender is not the most significant factor in determining marital satisfaction. Differing gender role ideologies clearly influence marital satisfaction, as does each spouses expectations about their partners income. But husbands and wives are shown to have the same preferences when it comes to marital communication and disclosure. They also report almost identical patterns of marital satisfaction when it comes to the transition into parenthood. This illustrates how although influential, gender is not one of the most significant factors in marital satisfaction. Future research on this topic could focus specifically on how gender alone directly affects marital satisfaction. Excluding other influential factors could mean isolating the specific ways gender affects marital satisfaction in a way that hasnt been done before. This would be challenging, but finding a way to focus on gender would provide information that isnt currently available. This information can be useful to professionals who study the breakdown of marriage or to marriage counselors who are trying to help troubled couples salvage damaged relationships. It could also provide researchers with data that may predict the likelihood of success in future relationships.

Marketing Essay -- Technology, Internet, Digital Information

Internet permits small businesses to gain and maintain their market share that helps them to compete with huge industry. The Internet is no longer a novelty in the minds of today’s population as it is the availability of having internet connection. In fact, the Internet and digital information have taken over many aspects of our lives from communication to information consumption, to new ways of doing business. It has reinvented our vocabulary and gave new meanings to words in cyberspace, for example surfing, visitors, and hits or navigates (Nicholas and Dobrowolski, 2000). These changes in meaning can be discovered as well in the word â€Å"user’’, it can mean a surfer or a visitor. Consumers today are increasingly utilizing technology as an effective tool in their shopping experience. The popularity of Web2.0 has helped in the growth and public popularity of social networks and has created a new world of collaboration and communication. Online shopping is as a complex process, and requires basic IT knowledge and requirements (credit card, computer) for customers to buy goods online. However, the focus of Malaysian government is on building up the platform required to support electronic business. Malaysian electronic consumerism is evolving at rapid rate because of consciousness and communications availability that convince consumers to involve in electronic business activities. Malaysia from March 2011 according to Internet World Stats , there were Internet users with 58.8 % penetration and 1,331,800 broadband subscribers as of March 2008). The penetration of Malaysian shopping online (those who bought or ordered goods and services online) in 2000 was 1% of the total adult population in Malaysia (Taylor Nelson Sofres, 2001). Accor... ...2006). (Peter Drucker, 1999) wrote: â€Å"in the psychological natural features of e-commerce, remoteness has been removing. Ever business must be internationally competitive. The rivalry is not local anymore.† tactical assessment will result in to the best reward, while make an investment in online marketing (Scanlon, 2009).Consumers can evaluate competing goods and services with minimum expenses of personnel time or effort, which results in competitive business markets and lower brand loyalty (Srinivasan, 2002). Thus, my study will be determined to realize the causes of loyalty on the online shopping environment. Consumer-created information has become a rather significant influence on consumer behaviour such as decision making. Online consumer’s reviews are part of consumer-created information by web site users who have by now bought the target product (Park, 2007).

NASA Essay -- National Aeronautics Space Administration Essays

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, was established in 1958 under the Eisenhower administration. Its main purpose was to act as an independent agency to direct the nation’s space missions and research programs. Over the past 45 years, since its inception, NASA has experienced many problems and has received recent negative publicity. NASA has had longstanding managerial problems on the inside and with outside contractors. They have also failed to estimate costs and have conducted projects well beyond what their budget dictates. An example of that would be with the failed X-33 project, among others. This analysis will explore these areas of NASA and provide preliminary recommendations as to how the program can better itself, from management to new vehicles. Although research of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) government contractors over the last thirty years did not uncover any major allegations of shoddy workmanship or under spec deliverables, it did reveal serious issues with regard to billing fraud and huge bonuses paid out on over budget projects. Over the years there have been numerous allegations of fraud and abuse by NASA contractors. Finally in November 2000 the government was able to win a settlement against the Boeing Company of Seattle and the Houston-based United Space Alliance for a total of $825,000. In addition to the money that was awarded, these two companies agreed to forfeit any rights they have to collect on $1.2 million in unpaid invoices. This settlement was related to allegations that false claims had been submitted for work supposedly performed between 1986 and 1992 under the NASA Space Shuttle and Space Station Freedom programs. Originally, the Rockwell Space Operations Company (RSOC) was the contractor who was hired to manage the two programs. An RSOC sub-contractor, Omniplan Corporation, is accused of being involved in numerous fraudulent billing activities. The result of this fraud was that the United States was overcharged millions of dollars. The Boeing Company acquired RSOC in 1996 and at that time United Space Alliance took over the management of the two space programs. The government tried to sue Omniplan in 1993, but the company went bankrupt. In January 2000 the government then filed suit against RSOC claiming that they had submitted Omniplan’s false invoices. It is... ...ay.com/news/nation/2003-02-02-safety-usat_x.htm David, L. (2000). Experimental spaceplane gets new lease on life. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/x33_newlease_001002.html David, L. (2001). NASA shuts down X-33, X-34 programs. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/x33_cancel_010301.html Eisler, P. (2003). Criticism about aging spacecraft and safety gets new attention. USA Today. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-02-safety-usat_x.htm Nelson, D. (2003). NASA problems. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.nasaproblems.com Spires, S. (2003). O’Keefe says local center’s place in space is crucial to agency’s key programs. Marshall Space Flight Center news release. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://std.msfc.nasa.gov/news/okeefe.html Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.aerospacecommission.gov/quick_facts.html Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.nasa.gov/about/budget/content/FY_2004_full_budget.pdf

Discuss the Marketing Environment Essay

The Marketing Environment consists of a complex set of interacting forces and influences outside the marketing department of an organization. The Marketing Environment affects the organization’s ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizing any effective changing forces. It does this by monitoring SWOT i.e. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Obviously wanting to maximize on Strengths and Opportunities and eliminate Weaknesses and Threats. Marketers must use marketing intelligence and market research when monitoring the Marketing Environment. The Marketing Environment can be divided into two main categories; the Micro and the Macro Environment. The Micro Environment This can also be divided. Internal Environment and Forces close to the organization. The Internal Environment. This consists of Top Management and Other departments. The Top management is responsible for setting the organizations overall mission, objectives, strategies and policies to guide all the organizations departments and employees. The success of the company is dependant on the competence of the Top managers. Other departments must co-ordinate their efforts as to maximize potential and avoid conflicts. The smoother the departments work together the better the overall outcome is going to be. All employees should realize the importance of being market-orientated and of delivering customer satisfaction. Forces close to the organization. This consists of Competitors, Marketing  Intermediaries, Suppliers of resources, Customers and Publics. Competitors: must offer superior value & satisfaction than their competitors and make it widely known throughout the target market. Companies must make an effort to attract their target customers and retain them by delivering customer satisfaction. These companies must watch their competitors closely as to retain their market share and maybe win some of the competitor’s market share. Marketing Intermediaries: These are firms that assist the company hiring them to promote, sell and distribute its products to target customers. Resellers will help find target customers or sell to them. Transportation firms help companies stock and transport goods. Agencies providing marketing services are marketing research agencies, advertising agencies, and marketing consulting firms. Financial intermediaries are organizations that will sell financial services to companies. Suppliers of resources: A company must be very careful as to watch for any changes (shortages, delays, labour strikes etc) as they are damaging to the companies sales and reputation. The organization is as efficient as its suppliers. Customers: Firstly a company must identify its target market. Then develop the right 4P’s to build long term customer relationships. An organizations target customers may be part of different markets. Consumer markets which are people who buy for personal use, these are called final consumers. Business Markets are companies that buy goods or services in order to use them for production in order to resell at a profit, these are called business customers. Government markets rent goods or services to carry out the main functions of the government. Institutional markets are schools & hospitals that provide goods or services to those in the organization. International markets are any of the customer markets but are situated overseas. Each market has its own particular features. Organizations must study the market/s to which they are selling to so as to understand its/their characteristics; including the way buying decisions are made. Publics: are groups that have an actual or potential interest in or on the companies ability to achieve its objectives. These publics include Media, Financial, Local, Internal, General, Citizen Action, or Government. The Macro Environment The Macro Environment can be considered as forces. These forces can be split into four categories: Demographic forces, Natural forces, Political forces and Social forces. Demographic Forces This is the study of the population. Demographic trends include Growing world population, Ageing population, Increasing Diversity, Changes in family structure, and a more Educated population. Growing world population: The number of needs increases as the population increases. These increased needs backed by purchasing power create market opportunities. These opportunities must be exploited. Ageing population: If the older segment of the population increases opportunities for companies that target this segment of the market. Likewise it creates threats companies that target a young market. These companies can react by offering a product suitable for an older market on top of their original product. Increasing diversity: The nationality and racial make up of the country/ies where they are selling their products should be considered. People’s wants are generally due to their nationality or race. Due to advancements in technology and transportation this has and is likely to continue increasing. Changes in family structure: Nowadays families have gotten smaller. This means that the usual budget for food etc is obviously going to get smaller i.e. with a higher standard of living an increase in purchases of various  products is probable. Women working have also increased so with money in their pocket a new segment of potential customers has been created. There is also a shift in husband and wife roles so now household products should also be aimed at husbands as well as wives. A more educated population: As a result of this the demand for quality products, book, formal clothing etc has increased. Natural Forces These are forces to do with natural resources. These forces can be split into four categories: Raw material shortage, Increased pollution, Increased government intervention and Environmentalism. Raw Material Shortage: Non renewable resources pose a serious threat. Companies face problems such as increasing costs and protests. Some day they’ll have to find substitute materials to use in production. Renewable resources also pose a problem if depletion rate supersedes its renewal rate. Companies using these resources face the same problems. Seemingly infinite resources are being destroyed due to pollution. Companies causing such harm face bad word of mouth and a bad reputation. Increased pollution: This poses a health as well as other threats to the general society. These industries must face bad word of mouth. Increased government intervention: This intervention in resource management varies across countries. Government laws and regulations must be monitored by companies as to not break laws and face consequences. Environmentalism: These cause pressure; sometimes so much that they actually damage a company’s reputation and influence government intervention. Now companies go beyond and develop a plan that is known as an environmentally sustainable strategy and develop ecologically safer products. Political Forces These are forces such as laws, government agencies and pressure groups. These forces vary with country and possibly time. There job is to protect organizations from each other, consumers from organizations and their deceptive practices etc, and society as a whole. Businesses are not only limited by laws and regulations but ethical and social codes are also considered. Most Businesses adopt the Societal Marketing Concept. Economic Forces These are forces that affect consumers’ spending ability and spending patterns. These are split into Changes in Average Income, Changes in Income Distribution, and Changing Consumer Spending Patterns. Changes in Average Income: means that a high average income level by means of a raise can lead to an increase in demand for quality products and a fall for cheaper, more inferior products. Obviously a fall in average income can lead to the opposite. Companies must therefore be very aware of the changing in incomes and adjust to the accordingly. Changes in Income Distribution: The segments are rich, middle income, and low income and people living on welfare. These segments sizes are likely to change over time. Once again the company must be monitoring this to spot changes to identify the trends in its target market/s. Companies can choose to offer two or more variations of their product in order to satisfy all parts of the Income Distribution chain ex. Books. Changing Consumer Spending Patterns: Patterns are changing every day. As income increases products such as food etc are spent on less than housing, transportation etc. This is what help businesses decide on whether to expand in the same line of products or find an alternative line. Cultural Forces Beliefs and values are divided into: core beliefs and values and beliefs  which are difficult to change, and secondary beliefs and values which are easier to change. A company must either find a way of adjusting its product to fit the core beliefs and values or try and change the secondary beliefs through marketing activities etc. These beliefs are mainly attributes of ones society. A person holds views on: 1. her/himself – people buy products that match their personalities. 2. other people – people want to interact with society, therefore there is a demand for  products that improve their relationships with others ex. Clubs etc. 3. various institutions – a positive attitude towards an institution means that people will trust this institution. Companies do this buy adopting the Societal Marketing Concept. 4. his/her society – people prefer buying products made in their own company. 5. the natural environment – if people feel close to nature a demand in products such as health food will increase. i.e. if the company harms the environment this will reflect badly. 6. the universe and spirituality – if religious convictions and practice falls, materialism  takes over. If it doesn’t fall companies promote their products with a spiritual theme. Any organization needs to research such views and adjust each of the 4P’s accordingly. Technological Forces A new technology implies new market opportunities for some organizations and threats for others. Companies once realizing this must keep up to date in order for technology to help them become more efficient, thus making them more successful.